TENSES | Verbal and Nominal

Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dan formasi kalimat untuk menunjukkan waktu terjadinya terjadinya sebuah peristiwa (masa sekarang, masa lampau, masa akan datang).

Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang menggunakan kata kerja.

Ex: I go, You hurt me, She reads a novel

Kalimat Nominal adalah kalimat yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja.

Ex: I am John, You are right, He is hungry

VERBAL = KATA KERJA

1.   What do you do everyday?	I write articles
Apa yang kamu lakukan setiap hari?	Aku menulis artikel ...
2.   What are you doing now?	I am writing articles
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan sekarang?	Aku sedang menulis artikel ...
3.   What have you done this morning?	I have written articles
Apa yang telah kamu lakukan pagi ini?	Aku telah menulis artikel ...
4.   What have you been doing from 7 until now?	I have been writing articles
Apa yang kamu lakukan dari jam 7 sampai sekarang?	Aku (terus) menulis artikel dari ...
5.   What did you do yesterday?	I wrote articles
Apa yang kamu lakukan kemarin?	Aku menulis artikel ...
6.   What were you doing at 7 yesterday	I was writing articles
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan jam 7 kemarin?	Aku sedang menulis artikel ...
7.   What had you done yesterday?	I had written articles
Apa yang telah kamu lakukan kemarin?	Aku telah menulis artikel ...
8.   What had you been doing from 7 to 9 yesterday?	I had been writing articles
Apa yang kamu lakukan dari jam 7 sampai 9 kemarin?	Aku (terus) menulis artikel dari ...
9.   What will you do tomorrow?	I will write articles
Apa yang (akan) kamu lakukan besok?	Aku (akan) menulis artikel ...
10. What will you be doing at 7 tomorrow?	I will be writing articles
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan jam 7 besok?	Aku sedang menulis artikel ...
11. What will you have done at 9 tomorrow?	I will have written articles
Apa yang telah kamu lakukan jam 9 besok?	Aku telah menulis artikel ...
12. What will you have been doing from 7 to 9 tomorrow?	I will have been writing articles
Apa yang kamu lakukan dari jam 7 sampai 9 besok?	Aku (terus) menulis artikel dari ...
13. What would you do yesterday?	I would write articles
Apa yang (akan)* kamu lakukan kemarin?	Aku (akan) menulis artikel ...
14. What would you be doing at 7 yesterday?	I would be writing articles
Apa yang (akan)* sedang kamu lakukan jam 7 kemarin?	Aku sedang menulis artikel ...
15. What would you have done at 7 yesterday?	I would have written articles
Apa yang (akan)* telah kamu lakukan jam 7 kemarin?	Aku telah menulis artikel ...
16. What would you have been doing from 7 to 9 yesterday?	I would have been writing articles
Apa yang (akan)* kamu lakukan dari jam 7 sampai 9 kemarin?	Aku (terus) menulis artikel dari ...

PRESENT = SEKARANG	PAST = LAMPAU	FUTURE = AKAN	PAST FUTURE = AKAN LAMPAU*
Simple Present	Simple Past	Simple Future	Simple Past Future
You write articles	You wrote articles	You will write articles	You would write articles
You don’t write ...	You didn’t write ...	You will not write ...	You would not write ...
Do you write ...?	Did you write ...?	Will you write ...?	Would you write ...?
What do you write?	What diid you write?	What will you write?	What would you write?
PresentContinuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous	Past Future Continuou
You are writing ...	You were writing ...	You will be writing ...	You would be writing ..
You are not writing ..	You were not writing .	You will not be writing	You would not be writing
are You writing?	were You writing?	will You be writing?	would You be writing?
What are You writing?	What were You writing?	What will You be writing?	What would You be writing?
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
You have written	You had written	You will have written	You would have written
You have not written	You had not written	You will not have written	You would not have written
have You written ...?	had You written ...?	will You have written.?	would You have written.?
What have You written ...?	What had You written ...?	What will You have written.?	What would You have written.?
Present Perfect  Continuous	Past Perfect  Continuous	Future Perfect  Continuous	Past Future Perfect Continuous
You have been writing	You had been writing	You will have writing	You would have been writing
You have not been writing	You had not been writing	You will not have writing	You would not have been writing
have You been writing?	had You been writing?	will You have writing?	would You have been writing?
What have You been writing?	What had You been writing?	What will You have writing?	What would You have been writing?

*Kejadian yang ‘akan’ terjadi di masa lampau ex: Jam 7 kemarin, aku akan pergi ke rumahmu tapi hari hujan.

PRESENT TENSES = MASA SEKARANG

1. SIMPLE PRESENT = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + V1 (V1+S) + O/ C
-	S + DO/ DOES + NOT + V1 + O/ C
?	DO/ DOES + S + V1 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + DO/ DOES + S + V1 + O/ C + ?

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS = sedang

+	S + TOBE 1 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + TOBE 1 + NOT + V4 + O/ C
?	TOBE 1 +  S + V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + TOBE 1 +  S + V4 + O/ C + ?

3. PRESENT PERFECT = telah

+	S + HAVE/ HAS + V3 + O/ C
-	S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3 + O/ C
?	HAVE/ HAS + S + V3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAVE/ HAS + S + V3 + O/ C + ?

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus

+	S + HAVE/ HAS + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
?	HAVE/ HAS + S + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAVE/ HAS + S + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C + ?
TO BE 1 = be, am, is, are         TO BE 3 = BEEN TO BE 2 =   was   , were          TO BE 4 = BEING

PAST TENSES = MASA LAMPAU

5. SIMPLE PAST = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + V2 + O/ C
-	S + DID + NOT + V1 + O/ C
?	DID + S + V1 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + DID + S + V1 + O/ C + ?

6. PAST CONTINUOUS = sedang

+	S + TOBE 2 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + TOBE 2 + NOT + V4 + O/ C
?	TOBE 2 +  S + V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + TOBE 2 +  S + V4 + O/ C + ?

7. PAST PERFECT = telah

+	S + HAD + V3 + O/ C
-	S + HAD + NOT + V3 + O/ C
?	HAD + S + V3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAD + S + V3 + O/ C + ?

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus

+	S + D + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + HAD + NOT + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
?	HAD + S + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAD + S + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C + ?

9. FUTURE TENSES = MASA AKAN DATANG

SIMPLE FUTURE = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + WILL + V1 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + V1 + O/ C
?	WILL + S + V1 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S + V1 + O/ C + ?

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS = sedang

+	S + WILL + TOBE 1 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + TOBE 1 + NOT + V4 + O/ C
?	WILL + S + TOBE 1 +  V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S + TOBE 1 +  V4 + O/ C + ?

11. FUTURE PERFECT = telah

+	S + WILL + HAVE + V3 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + HAVE + NOT + V3 + O/ C
?	WILL + S + HAVE + V3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S + HAVE + V3 + O/ C + ?

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus

+	S + WILL + HAVE + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + HAVE + NOT + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C
?	WILL + S +HAVE + S + TOBE 3 + V4 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S +HAVE + TOBE3 + V4 + O/C+?

NOMINAL: TIDAK ADA KATA KERJA

PRESENT TENSES = MASA SEKARANG

SIMPLE PRESENT = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + TOBE 1 + O/ C
-	S + TOBE 1+ NOT + O/ C
?	TOBE 1 + S + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + TOBE 1 + S + O/ C + ?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS = sedang

PRESENT PERFECT = telah

+	S + HAVE/ HAS + V3 + O/ C
-	S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3 + O/ C
?	HAVE/ HAS + S + V3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAVE/ HAS + S + V3 + O/ C + ?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus

TO BE 1 = be, am, is, are         TO BE 3 = BEEN TO BE 2 =   was   , were          TO BE 4 = BEING

PAST TENSES = MASA LAMPAU

SIMPLE PAST = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + TOBE 2 + O/ C
-	S + TOBE 2 + NOT + V1 + O/ C
?	TOBE 2 + S + V1 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + TOBE 2 + S + V1 + O/ C + ?

PAST CONTINUOUS =sedang

PAST PERFECT = telah

+	S + HAD + V3 + O/ C
-	S + HAD + NOT + V3 + O/ C
?	HAD + S + V3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + HAD + S + V3 + O/ C + ?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus

FUTURE TENSES = MASA AKAN DATANG

SIMPLE FUTURE = sederhana/ sehar-hari

+	S + WILL + TOBE 1 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + TOBE 1  + O/ C
?	WILL + S + TOBE 1  + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S + TOBE 1  + O/ C + ?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS =sedang

FUTURE PERFECT = telah

+	S + WILL + HAVE + TOBE 3 + O/ C
-	S + WILL + HAVE + NOT + TOBE 3 + O/ C
?	WILL + S + HAVE + TOBE 3 + O/ C + ?
W?	WH + WILL + S + HAVE + TOBE 3 + O/ C + ?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS = terus